Practice Test - Learning Strand 4 – Life and Career Skills

Learning Strand 4 – Life and Career Skills

Panuto: Piliin ang titik ng tamang sagot.

1. Ang pangunahing layunin ng liham ng pag-aaplay ng trabaho ay

          A. Pukawin ang interes ng bumabasa nito

          B. Ipagmalaki ang iyong kakayahan at kasanayan

          C. Ipaalam ang iyong personal na buhay

          D. Ipabatid kung sinu-sino ang maaaring pagtanungan ng iyong pagkatao

2. Malakas ang benta ng sorbetes ni Mang Castor sa tapat ng paaralan. Isang araw, napansin niyang pumuwesto rin doon si Mang Kanor na nagtitinda rin ng ice cream. Ano ang mabuting gawin ni Mang Castor upang mapanatili ang mga namimili sa kanya?

          A. Pagbutihin pang lalo ang kalidad ng paninda.

          B. Ibaba ang presyo ng paninda.

          C. Isumbong sa prinsipal si Mang Kanor.

          D. Dagdagan ang ice cream na ibinebenta.

3. Sa pagbubukas ng bagong negosyo, ano ang unang-unang isinasaalang-alang?

         

          A. Ang pangangailangan ng mga mamimili

          B. Ang tutubuin

          C. Sapat na kapital

          D. Rekititos ng pamahalaan

4. Sa pagtatayo ng negosyo, anong dokumento ang dapat unahing kunin?

         

          A. Pangalan ng negosyo mula sa DTI

          B. Barangay Clearance

          C. Sedula

          D. Mayor’s Permit

5. Ano ang hindi nararapat banggitin sa isang panayam?

          A. Ang ugali ng dating amo

          B. Ang hinihinging suweldo

          C. Ang kahinaan sa trabaho

          D. Ang kalakasan sa trabaho

6. Isang uri ng pangangalakal na kadalasan ay binubuo lamang ng isang miyembro.

          A. Sole proprietorship

          B. Partnership

          C. Cooperative

          D. Corporation

7. Isang dahilan na maaaring patalsikin ang isang empleyado

          A. Panloloko sa kumpanya

          B. Pag-oorganisa ng isang unyon

          C. Pakikipag-away sa isang katrabaho

          D. Pagliban ng walang pahintulot

8. Nakatanggap ng tawag sa telepono si Angelo mula sa pinag-aplayang kumpanya. Kailangan niyang magtungo roon para sa isang panayam (interview). Anong paghahanda ang hindi dapat gawin ni Angelo?

          A. Tawagan ang ninong na may katungkulan sa kumpanyang inaplayan upang humingi ng tulong

          B. Basahin at kabisahing muli ang kanyang resume o biodata

          C. Praktisin ang mga sagot na maaaring itanong sa panayam

          D. Matulog nang maaga at ihanda ang angkop na kasuotan

9. Ilang porsyento ang idinadagdag na Value Added Tax (VAT) sa ilang produkto at serbisyo sa Pilipinas?

          A. 12%

          B. 10%

          C. 15%

          D. 5%

10. Kumain si Mang Berting sa karinderya ni Aling Lucing. P250.00 ang halaga ng kanyang tinanghalian kasama na ang VAT.  Bago nagbayad, ipinakita niya ang kanyang Senior Citizen ID kay ALing Lucing. Magkano ang magiging sukli sa P300 na ibinayad ni Mang Berting?

          A. P75

          B. P50

          C. P20

          D. P80

11. Nagtanim pa ng mga kawayan si Mang Baste upang tugunan ang pangngailangan ng mga nagpaparami ng talaba sa kanilang lugar. Ano ang dagling resulta nito?

          A. Mangangaunti ang mga kawayan

B. Darami ang produksyon ng talaba

          C. Bababa ang presyo ng kawayan

          D. Tataas ang presyo ng talaba

12. Ipinatawag ng may-ari ng talyer si Mang Gusting at sinabi sa kanya na siya ay wala ng trabaho kinabukasan. Ano ang nararapat niyang gawin?

A. Magmakaawa sa may-ari dahil marami siyang anak

          B. Ireklamo ang kumpanya sa DOLE

          C. Tanggapin ang kapalaran at kunin ang huling sahod

          D. Humanap ng bagong trabaho

13. Kung ang itatayong negosyo ay nag-iisang pagmamay-ari, alin sa mga sumusunod ang hindi masyadong isinasaalang-alang?

          A. Lokasyon ng bubuksang negosyo

          B. Sahod ng may-ari

          C. Kapital

          D. Produktong ibebenta

14. Napansin ni Aling Clara na maraming punong-niyog sa bago nilang nilipatang lugar. Anong negosyo ang hindi nababagay rito?

          A. Paggawa ng coco jam

          B. Pagbebenta ng coco lumber

          C. Pagkocopra

          D. Paggawa ng bukayo

15. Nadiskubre ni Bitoy na may ginagawang pagnanakaw ang kanyang foreman sa kanilang kumpanya. Kanino niya dapat idulog ang natuklasan?

          A. Sa may-ari ng kumpanya

          B. Sa boss ng foreman

          C. Sa mga pulis

          D. Sa kaniyang kasamahan

16. Maaari bang tanggalin sa trabaho ang isang manggagawa kung ito ay may-sakit?

A. Oo, kung ang sakit ay nakakahawa.

          B. Oo, kung ang sakit ay wala ng lunas pagkalipas ng anim na buwan.

          C. Oo, kung ang sakit ay hindi naman sanhi ng kapaligiran ng kumpanya.

          D. Hindi.

17. Ito ay isang uri ng samahan o negosyo kung saan ang mga miyembro ay boluntaryong sumapi, naglagak ng pondo at tumangkilik ng produkto o serbisyo para sa ikabubuti ng lahat.

         

          A. Korporasyon

          B. Kooperatiba

          C. Sosyohan

          D. Isang pagmamay-ari

18. Ano sa mga sumusunod ang hindi katangian ng isang korporasyon?

A. Kailangang irehistro sa Security and Exchange Commission

          B. Kailangang magbigay ng share o cash dividend taun-taon

          C. Ang isang kasapi ay binibigyan ng sipi/share katumbas ng kanyang pondo

          D. Kadalasang binubuo ng Board of Directors

19. Ang mga sumusunod ay benebisyo ng isang manggagawang Filipino sa isang kumpanya maliban sa isa.

          A. SSS

          B. Bonus

          C. Philhealth

          D. Pag-ibig

20. Isa sa mga aplikanteng nakatakdang kapanayamin ni Mrs. Cruz ay ang kanyang pamangkin. Ano ang nararapat niyang gawin?

A. Huwag nang kapanayamin ang pamangkin at sabihing tanggap na ito.

          B. Ipasa sa ibang kawani ang mga dokumento ng pamangkin upang kapanayamin ito.

          C. Interbyuhin at tanggapin sa kumpanya ang pamangkin.

          D. Pagsabihan ang pamangkin na sa iba na mag-aplay.

          21. Ito ay isang uri ng negosyo kung saan may takda o taning ang pagiging negosyo nito.

          A. Kooperatiba

          B. Solong pagmamay-ari

C. Korporasyon

          D. Sosyohan

22. Nagiging “legal o judicial entity” (hudisyal nd entidad) ang isang sosyohan kung ...

          A. ito ay nakarehistro na sa Security and Exchange Commission.

          B. ito ay nagsimula na sa kanilang negosyo.

C. ang mga magkakasosyo ay pumirma na sa isang kontrata o Articles of Partnership

          D. ito ay nakarehistro na sa Department of Trade & Industry

23. Nalalapit na ang Mahal na Araw. Anong senaryo ang maaaring mangyari sa isang palengke?

A. Tataas ang presyo ng karne

          B. Mababawasan ang mamimili ng mga gulay

          C. Tataas ang presyo ng mga isda at lamang-dagat

          D. Walang pagbabago sa galaw ng presyo ng anumang bilihin

24. Ang isang manggagawa sa pamahalaan ay kailangang iparehistro ng kanyang kumpanya sa _______.

          A. NBI

          B. SSS

          C. GSIS

          D. DTI

25. Dahil sa tuloy-tuloy na pag-ulan ay maraming palaisdaan ang lumubog sa baha. Ano sa mga sumusunod ang hindi maaaring maganap?

          A. Tataas ang presyo ng mga gulay

          B. Tataas ang presyo ng bangus at tilapia

          C. Bababa ang presyo ng bangus at tilapia

          D. Walang pagbabago sa presyo ng mga bilihin

26. Gaano katagal ang buhay ng isang sosyohan?

          A. 10 taon

          B. 50 taon

          C. Walang takda

          D. 25 taon

27. Dikit-dikit na ang mga sari-sari store sa barangay nina Nancy. Kapag pumasok siya sa negosyong ito, anong bagay ang dapat niyang gawin upang kumita?

          A. Buksan ang tindahan ng 24/7

          B. Magpautang upang dumami ang suki

          C. Bumili ng maramihan upang maibaba ang presyo

          D. Ibaba ang presyo ng mga paninda upang makaakit ng kustomer

28. Anong bahagi ng liham sa pag-aaplay ang kinapapalooban ng mga salitang “Lubos ng Gumagalang”?

          A. Paggalang

          B. Pamuhatan

          C. Bating pangwakas

          D. Bating panimula

29. Kapos sa kakayahan at kasanayan si Natoy. Ano ang mainam na paraan upang siya ay matanggap sa trabaho?

          A. Lumapit sa DSWD

          B. Tanggapin ang mababang pasuweldo

          C. Pagparehistro sa isang sangay o kaagapay ng TESDA

          D. Magpatulong sa punong-lungsod

30. Ano sa mga sumusunod ang hindi kasama sa grupo?

          A. Pagmemekaniko

          B. Pagmamasahe

          C. Pagtitinda ng mga lutong-ulam

          D. Paggawa ng mga sirang kagamitan sa bahay

31. Pansamantalang nahinto sa trabaho si Auring dahil sa panganganak. Anong negosyo ang pwede sa kanya?

          A. Paglalako ng mga kakanin

          B. Pagtitinda sa palengke

          C. Pagtitinda ng seguro, bahay at lupa

          D. Pagtitinda ng yelo at ice candy

32. Nagtapos ng beterinaryo si Manuel. Anong trabaho ang hindi bagay sa kanya?

         

          A. Meat inspector

          B. Manggamot ng mga hayop

          C. Mangasiwa ng isang babuyan o manukan

          D. Mangasiwa ng isang farm

33. Ito ang ahensiyang nangangalaga sa mga karapatan ng mga manggagawa.

          A. SEC

          B. DTI

          C. SSS

          D. DOLE

34. Kapag ang isang manggagawa ay lumampas sa walong oras na pagtatrabaho, nararapat lamang na bigyan siya ng ______.

          A. Pahinga

          B. Separation pay

          C. Bonus

          D. Overtime pay

35. Kailan maaaring tanggalin sa trabaho ang isang manggagawa?

          A. Pagsali sa unyon

          B. Madalas na pagkakasakit

          C. Paghingi ng dagdag sa sahod

          D. Pagsasara ng kumpanya

36. Maraming punong saging sa lugar nina Quiel. Anong produkto ang hindi mainam dito?

          A. Ketsup

          B. Banana chips

          C. Banana leaves

          D. Banana boat

37. Magaling maglinis at bumuo ng mga piyesa si Amado. Anong trabaho ang bagay sa kanya?

          A. Mason

          B. Technician         

C. Anluwagi

D. Mekaniko

38. Ilan ang pinakamaraming kasapi na bubuo sa isang korporasyon?

          A. 20

          B. 5

          C. 10

          D. 15

39. Makalumang kalakalan na hindi ginagamitan ng salapi

          A. Libreng pamilihan

          B. Pautangan

          C. Tiwalaan

          D. Barter

40. Hindi tumupad sa Collective Bargaining Agreement ang pamunuan ng ABC Corporation. Ano ang unang dapat gawin ng mga opisyat at kasapi ng union?

          A. Bagalan ang pagtatrabaho

          B. Mag-strike

          C. Sumangguni sa DOLE

          D. Makipag-usap sa pamunuan ng kumpanya

41. Ang presyo ng isang produkto ay kalimitang nakabase sa ____.

          A. Kalidad ng produkto

          B. Dami ng bumibili rito

          C. Ginastos sa produkto

          D. Lahat ng nasa itaas

42. Magandang katangian ng isang manggagawa maliban sa ______.

          A. Maaasahan

          B. Nakahandang matuto

          C. Marunong makibagay

          D. Hindi nagtatanong

43. Alin sa mga sumusunod sa hindi magandang katangian ng pansariling negosyo?

          A. Maliit na kapital

          B. Walang amo

          C. Walang takdang oras ng trabaho

          D. Walang siguradong kita

44. Alin sa mga sumusunod ang hindi tutoo?

          A. Ang pagtaas ng sahod ay pagtaas din ng gastusin.

          B. Ang pagdami ng mga produkto ay pagbaba ng presyo nito.

          C. Ang pagtaas ng halaga ng piso ay pagbaba naman ng eksportasyon.

          D. Ang pagtaas ng sahod ay pagtaas din ng pag-iimpok.

45. Isang uri ng preserbasyon na gamit sa paggawa ng suka.

          A. Aciditation

          B. Vinegarization

          C. Pasteurization

          D. Fermentation

46. Mga katangian ng kontrata maliban sa ______.

          A. Naglalaman ng konsiderasyon, serbisyo, kapital o produkto

          B. Nakasulat sa papel

          C. Usapan lamang

          D. Walang takdang panahon

47. Hindi ito isang daluyan ng palitan (medium of exchange) na maaaring gamitin sa negosyo.

          A. Salapi

          B. Promissory note

          C. Demand deposit

          D. Credit card

48. Mas mataas ang pinakamababang sahod sa Kamaynilaan kaysa sa ibang lugar sa Pilipinas dahil_____.

          A. Mahuhusay ang mga manggagawa rito

          B. Matataas ang pinag-aralan ng mga manggagawa rito

          C. Mas maraming produkto ang kanilang nagagawa

          D. Mas mataas ang gastos ng pamumuhay rito

49. Hawak lamang ng iilan ang kalakalan o negosyo

          A. Sosyohan

          B. Komunismo

          C. Sosyalismo

          D. Monopolyo

50. Ang pinakamababang sahurin ng isang kasambahay sa Kalakhang Maynila ay _____.

          A. P 2,000

          B. P 2,500

          C. P 3,000

          D. P 3,500

Good Luck!

020218-10A20B30C4050D – ISD 3R06F30AB

Practice Test - Learning Strand 2: Scientific Literacy and Critical Thinking - A

Learning Strand 2: Scientific Literacy and Critical Thinking

Instruction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

(Image from http://phobia.wikia.com/wiki/File:Taking_Test.jpg)

1. Soil less gardening technique in which plants are grown in nutrient solution.

          A. Controlled farming        

B. Hydroponics

C. Contour farming

D. Diversion

2. Factor that does not contribute to health

          A. Social justice                

B. Wealth

C. Adequate shelter

D. Education

3. Disease of the nose

          A. Otitis       

          B. Adenoids

          C. Boils

          D. Ocerthalmium

4. Consist of the nervous system

          A. Brain       

          B. Bones

          C. Nerves

          D. Spinal cord

5. Also called “block and tackle”

          A. Lever

          B. Pulley

          C. Wheel and axle

          D. Inclined plane

6. Used to treat difficulty in urination

          A. Lagundi

          B. Banaba

          C. Tsaang gubat

          D. Pansit-pansitan

7. In the feeding relationship, lizard is considered

          A. First order consumer

          B. Second order consumer

          C. Third order consumer

          D. Decomposer

8. The poorest type of soil and consists of small particle of weathered rock  

          A. Silt

          B. Sand

          C. Clay

          D. Loam

9. Health is simply the absence of disease.

          A. True

          B. False

          C. Always

          D. Neutral

10. An example of non-communicable disease

          A. Tuberculosis

          B. Anemia

          C. Dengue fever

          D. Rabies

11. Type of food preservation commonly used in the fishing village

          A. Sterilization

          B. Drying

          C. Canning

          D. Refrigeration

12. Not a characteristic of a healthy person

          A. Emotionally stable

          B. Health insurance

          C. Socially adopted and in harmony with his/her physical environment

          D. Strong body

13. Series of changes a female body goes through to prepare for a possible pregnancy every month

          A. Puberty

          B. Menstrual cycle

          C. Lactation

          D. Reproduction

14. To cure or prevent falling hair, this herbal medicine is recommended

          A. Sambong

          B. Sabila

          C. Paragis

          D. Lagundi

15. Practice of tilling sloped land along lines of consistent elevation in order to conserve rainwater and to reduce soil losses from surface erosion

          A. Crop rotation

          B. Contour farming

          C. Kaingin system

          D, Hydroponics

16. Part of the leaf that serves as opening between guard cells for gas and water exchange

          A. Chlorophyll

          B. Stomata

          C. Cuticle

          D. Xylem

17. Which of the following plants can be reproduced by spores?

          A. Tomato

          B. Fern

          C. Banana

          D. Ampalaya

18. One way of helping the government in protecting the environment and natural resources

          A. Kaingin

          B. Green revolution

          C. Illegal logging

          D. Dynamite fishing

19. Giving birth to a living young

          A. Oviparous

          B. Viviparous

          C. Asexual reproduction

          D. Pregnancy

20. Eat both plants and animals

          A. Carnivorous

          B. Omnivorous

          C. Herbivorous

          D. Voracious

21. An example of reptiles

          A. Frog

          B. Lizard

          C. Toad

          D. Newt

22. Viral topical disease transmitted by the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosguitoes

          A. Malaria

          B. Dengue fever

          C. Typhoid fever

          D. TB

23. Water cannot be made safe by this way

          A. Boiling

          B. Refrigeration

          C. Filtering

          D. Chlorination

24. The following are common diseases of the nervous system except ___.

          A. Headache

          B. Osteoporosis

          C. Dizziness

          D. Paralysis

25. Throughout puberty, girls undergoes the following except ____.

          A. Maturity of the sexual organs

          B. Enlargement of the larynx

          C. Growth of pubic hair

          D. Enlargement of the breast

26. It involves one cell division and results in two identical daughter cells.

          A. Meiosis

          B. Mitosis

          C. Binary fission

          D. Cytokinesis

27. A combination of sand, silt, and clay and usually refers to as “agricultural soil”

          A. Clay

          B. Loam

          C. Silt

          D. Sand

28. A short stem that attaches leaf to the main stem or branch

          A. Twig

          B. Petiole

          C. Leaf blade

          D. Node

29. In this feeding relationship, plant-grasshopper-lizard-hawk, what will happen if the lizard is eliminated from the cycle?

          A. The plant will bloom.

          B. The population of the grasshopper will grow.

          C. The hawk will eat the grasshopper.

          D. Nothing will change.

30. It is a triangular shaped tool’, often called “portable inclined plane”

          A. Lever

          B. Wedge

          C. Screw

          D. Pulley

31. Alteration in the overall state of well-being

          A. Health

          B. Disease

          C. Faith

          D. Motivation

32. One of the disadvantages of hydroponics

          A. Weeding

          B. Constant supervision

          C. Soil-borne diseases

          D. When to fertilize

33. It is caused by parasitic Plasmodium vivax and transmitted by the bite of the female anopheles mosquito.

          A. Influenza

          B. Malaria

          C. Dengue Fever

          D. Pneumonia

34. Not attributed to the muscular-skeletal system

          A. Cramps

          B. Diphtheria

          C. Fractures

          D. Osteoporosis

35. It is a pouch of skin containing the testicles

          A. Fallopian tube

          B. Scrotum

          C. Uterus

          D. Vas deferens

36. It is not a part of the digestive system

          A. Esophagus

          B. Lungs

          C. Liver

          D. Pancreas

37. Green substance in plants and vital in photosynthesis

          A. Phloem

          B. Chlorophyll

          C. Cuticle

          D. Xylem

38. Bamboo is type of

          A. Vine

          B. Grass

          C. Tree

          D. Herb

39. Which of the following is not an herb plant?

          A. Coriander

          B. Saffron

          C. Chives

          D. Mint

40. Black pepper plant  is a/an _____.

          A. Tree

          B. Vine

          C. Shrub
          D. Herb

2016 ALS A&E Test Results

After the September 2017 LET results, the much-anticipated November 2017 Accreditation & Equivalency (A&E) test results are number one on the list of those Alternative Learning System (ALS) learners and adult test takers. According to a Department of Education (DepEd) memo, the A&E results shall be released on or before 31 January 2018. Now, most of the test takers are counting the days for the BIG DAY. I hope, everyone passes.

(Image from http://morethanwriters.blogspot.com/2016/04/news-and-celebrations.html)

Learning Strand 6 - Digital Literacy Review

1) A personal digital assistant (PDA), also known as a handheld PC, is a mobile device that functions as a personal information manager.

A. Game console

B. Calculator

C. Smartphone

D. Personal digital assistant PDA)

2) A computer with a high level of computing performance compared to a general-purpose computer. Its performance is measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million instructions per second (MIPS).

A. Minicomputer     

B. Supercomputer  

C. Microcomputer

D. Mainframe computer

3) Generic name given to a category of small, lightweight, legacy-free, and inexpensive laptop computers that were introduced in 2007.

A. Tablet

B. Notebook

C. Desktop

D. Netbook

4) Computer that is smaller, less expensive, and less powerful than a mainframe or supercomputer, but more expensive and more powerful than a personal computer. They are used for scientific and engineering computations, business-transaction processing, file handling, and database management.

A. Microcomputer

B. Laptop

C. Minicomputer

D. Smartphone

5) An electronic device with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU), which is usually found at home and businesses.

A. Mainframe computer

B. Minicomputer

C. Microcomputer

D. Supercomputer

6) Colloquially referred to as "big iron", these computers used primarily by large organizations for critical applications; bulk data processing, such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning; and transaction processing.

A. Personal computers     

B. Supercomputers          

C. Mainframe computers  

D. High-tech computers

7) A line of tablet computers designed, developed and marketed by Apple Inc., which run the iOS mobile operating system.

A. Netbook

B. Notebook

C. Ipad

D. Smartphone

8) A handheld personal computer with a mobile operating system and an integrated mobile broadband cellular network connection for voice, SMS, and Internet data communication

A. Ipad

B. Calculator

C. PDA

D. Smartphone

9) An electronic, digital or computer device that outputs a video signal or visual image to display a video game that one or more people can play.

A. Game console

B. Tablet

C. Ipad

D Smartphone

10) Often called a notebook or "notebook computer", is a small, portable personal computer with a "clamshell" form factor, an alphanumeric keyboard on the lower part of the "clamshell" and a thin LCD or LED computer screen on the upper part, which is opened up to use the computer.

A. Dektop

B. Laptop

C. Netbook

D. Ipad

11) Typically a portable electronic device used to perform calculations, ranging from basic arithmetic to complex mathematics.

A. Smartphone

B. Calculator

C. PDA

D. Ipad

12) A portable PC, typically with a mobile operating system and LCD touchscreen display processing circuitry, and a rechargeable battery in a single thin, flat package.

A. Tablet

B. Netbook

C. Laptop

D. Ipad

13) A personal computer designed for regular use at a single location on or near a desk or table due to its size and power requirements.

A. Laptop

B. Desktop

C. Tablet

D. Netbook

New 2017 A&E Test Registration Schedule and Administration

The Department of Education has formally issued a memorandum yesterday to move the scheduled Alternative Learning System (ALS) Accreditation & Equivalency (A&E) test as follows:

Luzon - from 11 February 2018 to 04 March 2018
Visayas & Mindanao - from 18 February to 11 March 2018

Likewise, the registration for the A&E test is extended until 15 February 2018. Like the 2016 A&E test, the 2017 A&E test is also multiple choice only.

Read the whole memorandum below:

Good luck!

ALS A&E Nov 2017 Results and 2017 A&E Test Schedule

Undersecretary Jesus L. R. Mateo of the Department of Education (DepEd) has issued MEMO No. OM-PFO-2017/277 dated 01 December 2017 to Regional Directors & Schools Division Superintendents, in reference to Director Nelia V. Benito's Memo of the Bureau of Assessment (BEA) about the schedule of the 2017 A&E Test, as follows:

Luzon Cluster:   February 11, 2018
Visayas & Mindanao Cluster: February 18, 2018

Likewise, the 2016 A&E Test results taken on Nov 19 & 26, 2017 shall be released on or before 31 January 2017 while the 2017 A&E Test results shall be released on or before 30 April 2018.

Good luck everyone!

ALS New K to 12 Learning Strands

Below are the Learning Strands of Alternative Learning System learners based on the K to 12 Curriculum.

Please notice that an additional Learning Strand 6 - Digital Literacy is included which means that the next batch of A&E test takers will have exam questions concerning Information & Communication Technology (ICT).

ALS K to 12: Learning Strand 6 - Digital Literacy

Those Alternative Learning System (ALS) learners who have not taken the Accreditation & Equivalency (A&E) test on 19 or 26 November 2017 will have additional Learning Strand in their studies. Learning Strand 6 - Digital Literacy will be included in their modules in line with the K to 12 curriculum of regular students.

ALS learners are expected to demonstrate the following knowledge and skills after the completion of their studies and before the A&E test:

1. knowledge of digital concepts and operations
2. using the internet and digital system networks
3. using Information & Communication Technology (ICT) and digital devices & applications in daily life
4. practicing digital ethics

Aside from completing their modules, I believe that these new batch of ALS learners have to complete a Portfolio that demonstrates their acquired knowledge and skills. With the alignment of the ALS curriculum with the K to 12, it will only mean that the coming A&E examination will be full of substance and structure, more difficult in other words. However, graduates of ALS are expected to be more competitive and ready for the rigorous world of Senior High School and Higher Studies.

Good luck to the new batch of ALS learners, A&E and PEPT test takers!

(Image from http://mylestech.weebly.com/digital...)

Facts About Earthquakes

The Science of Earthquakes
Originally written by Lisa Wald for “The Green Frog News”
(Copied from https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/kids/eqscience.php)

What is an earthquake?

An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. The location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter or focus, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter.

Sometimes an earthquake has foreshocks. These are smaller earthquakes that happen in the same place as the larger earthquake that follows. Scientists can’t tell that an earthquake is a foreshock until the larger earthquake happens. The largest, main earthquake is called themainshock. Mainshocks always have aftershocks that follow. These are smaller earthquakes that occur afterwards in the same place as the mainshock. Depending on the size of the mainshock, aftershocks can continue for weeks, months, and even years after the mainshock!

What causes earthquakes and where do they happen?

The earth has four major layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle and crust. (figure 2) The crust and the top of the mantle make up a thin skin on the surface of our planet. But this skin is not all in one piece – it is made up of many pieces like a puzzle covering the surface of the earth. (figure 3) Not only that, but these puzzle pieces keep slowly moving around, sliding past one another and bumping into each other. We call these puzzle pieces tectonic plates, and the edges of the plates are called the plate boundaries. The plate boundaries are made up of many faults, and most of the earthquakes around the world occur on these faults. Since the edges of the plates are rough, they get stuck while the rest of the plate keeps moving. Finally, when the plate has moved far enough, the edges unstick on one of the faults and there is an earthquake.

Why does the earth shake when there is an earthquake?

While the edges of faults are stuck together, and the rest of the block is moving, the energy that would normally cause the blocks to slide past one another is being stored up. When the force of the moving blocks finally overcomes the friction of the jagged edges of the fault and it unsticks, all that stored up energy is released. The energy radiates outward from the fault in all directions in the form of seismic waves like ripples on a pond. The seismic waves shake the earth as they move through it, and when the waves reach the earth’s surface, they shake the ground and anything on it, like our houses and us! (see P&S Wave inset)

How are earthquakes recorded?

Earthquakes are recorded by instruments called seismographs. The recording they make is called a seismogram. (figure 4) The seismograph has a base that sets firmly in the ground, and a heavy weight that hangs free. When an earthquake causes the ground to shake, the base of the seismograph shakes too, but the hanging weight does not. Instead the spring or string that it is hanging from absorbs all the movement. The difference in position between the shaking part of the seismograph and the motionless part is what is recorded.

How do scientists measure the size of earthquakes?

The size of an earthquake depends on the size of the fault and the amount of slip on the fault, but that’s not something scientists can simply measure with a measuring tape since faults are many kilometers deep beneath the earth’s surface. So how do they measure an earthquake? They use the seismogram recordings made on the seismographs at the surface of the earth to determine how large the earthquake was (figure 5). A short wiggly line that doesn’t wiggle very much means a small earthquake, and a long wiggly line that wiggles a lot means a large earthquake. The length of the wiggle depends on the size of the fault, and the size of the wiggle depends on the amount of slip.

The size of the earthquake is called its magnitude. There is one magnitude for each earthquake. Scientists also talk about the intensity of shaking from an earthquake, and this varies depending on where you are during the earthquake.

How can scientists tell where the earthquake happened?

Seismograms come in handy for locating earthquakes too, and being able to see the P wave and the S wave is important. You learned how P & S waves each shake the ground in different ways as they travel through it. P waves are also faster than S waves, and this fact is what allows us to tell where an earthquake was. To understand how this works, let’s compare P and S waves to lightning and thunder. Light travels faster than sound, so during a thunderstorm you will first see the lightning and then you will hear the thunder. If you are close to the lightning, the thunder will boom right after the lightning, but if you are far away from the lightning, you can count several seconds before you hear the thunder. The further you are from the storm, the longer it will take between the lightning and the thunder.

P waves are like the lightning, and S waves are like the thunder. The P waves travel faster and shake the ground where you are first. Then the S waves follow and shake the ground also. If you are close to the earthquake, the P and S wave will come one right after the other, but if you are far away, there will be more time between the two. By looking at the amount of time between the P and S wave on a seismogram recorded on a seismograph, scientists can tell how far away the earthquake was from that location. However, they can’t tell in what direction from the seismograph the earthquake was, only how far away it was. If they draw a circle on a map around the station where the radius of the circle is the determined distance to the earthquake, they know the earthquake lies somewhere on the circle.

But where?

Scientists then use a method called triangulation to determine exactly where the earthquake was (figure 6). It is called triangulation because a triangle has three sides, and it takes three seismographs to locate an earthquake. If you draw a circle on a map around three different seismographs where the radius of each is the distance from that station to the earthquake, the intersection of those three circles is the epicenter!

Can scientists predict earthquakes?

No, and it is unlikely they will ever be able to predict them. Scientists have tried many different ways of predicting earthquakes, but none have been successful. On any particular fault, scientists know there will be another earthquake sometime in the future, but they have no way of telling when it will happen.

Is there such a thing as earthquake weather? Can some animals or people tell when an earthquake is about to hit?

These are two questions that do not yet have definite answers. If the weather does affect earthquake occurrence, or if some animals or people can tell when an earthquake is coming, we do not yet understand how it works.